The October 2023 Hamas attack on Israel has been deemed a significant security failure. How could a country like Israel, famed for its strong intelligence capabilities, suffer such a setback? More importantly, how have strategic operations, covert actions and the relentless pursuit of national security defined Israeli intelligence since the country?s foundation, in turn impacting global geopolitics? Spanning over seventy years, Spies Among the Sands is a longitudinal analysis of Israeli intelligence performance. It argues that much of Israel?s success in espionage and covert action may be attributed to context-specific factors which are not easily replicated by other states. It finds that the unique reputation of the Mossad and its sister agencies is derived from the boldness with which intelligence is used to support operations. Examining the role of spies in conventional warfare, clandestine diplomacy and counterterrorism, the book asks whether Israel?s unique advantages will still hold good into the future.